»ì±ÕÁ¦´Â »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ¹°¸®Àû ¶Ç´Â ÈÇйÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Æı« ¶Ç´Â ±â´ÉÀ» Á¤Áö½ÃÄÑ ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á×À̰ųª ¼ºÀåÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» °®´Â »ì±ÕÁ¦°¡ Green Biocide°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? ¶ó´Â Àǹ®Á¡Àº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°Ô °®°Ô µÈ´Ù.
»ì±ÕÁ¦ ±â´É¸é¿¡´Â European Commission's Biocidal Product Directive 98/8/EC¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »ì±ÕÁ¦°¡ ȯ°æ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ³ª»Û ¿µÇâÀÌ ¾ø°Å³ª ÃÖ¼ÒȵǸé Green Biocide¶Ç´Â Eco-friendly Biocide·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
´ç»ç°¡ °³¹ßÇÑ ASB (Advanced Stabilized Bleach)´Â Á¦Á¶Ãø¸é¿¡¼ Green Chemistry 12 ¿øÄ¢°ú ASB»ý»ê processÀ» Ç׸ñº°·Î ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú, AshrafµîÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ green biocide category¿¡ ºÎÇյȴÙ.
Biocide´Â »êȼº»ì±ÕÁ¦¿Í ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦·Î Å©°Ô ±¸ºÐµÇ´Âµ¥, ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ¾àÇ°¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°À» ±â´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄÑ Á¦°Å½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̸ç Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë½Ã ³»¼ºÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Å¿ì´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ³»¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù
¹Ì»ý¹° Á¾·ùÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼º°ú ÁÖº¯ ȯ°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀûÀÀ ƯÈ÷ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â "°°Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾àÇ°À» °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¾àÇ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¼º ¹ß»ý "ÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ °®´Â »ì±ÕÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç×±Õ ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁò µîÀ» °í·ÁÇϸé Áö±¸»ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°À» ¸ðµÎ Á×°Ô ÇÏ´Â ½Ç¿ëÀûÀΠȯ°æ Ä£ÈÀû »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÇ »óÇ°È´Â ½±Áö ¾ÊÀº ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù
À̸¦ Á¾ÇÕÇϸé Á¦Á¶°øÁ¤°ú »ì±ÕÁ¦ ±â´ÉÀÇ Ãø¸é ¸ðµÎ ȯ°æ Ä£ÈÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ Green Biocide¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª À̸¦ ¸¸Á·Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹ß»óÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
¹Ì»ý¹°Àº ¼½ÄÁö¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ¹°¼Ó¿¡¼ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎÀ¯¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°(Planktonic) º®¸é¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Biofilm ¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎÂø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°(sessile)·Î ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹° °¨¿° ¹× ¿À¿°Àº ºÎÂø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ºÎÂø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹° Á¦°Å¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â »ì±ÕÁ¦ »ç¿ëÀÇ ±âÁØÀÌ µÇ´Â MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ³ôÀº MBC(minimum bactericidal)¶Ç´Â MBEC(minimum biofilm eradication)³óµµ¸¦ ÅõÀÔÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ¿À·¡µÈ aged biofilmÀº ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç¿ë·®ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù
°¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÎ ¿°¼Ò°èÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ¿°¼ÒÀÇ Èֹ߼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷ȯ°æ°ú ÀÎü¿µÇâÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϸç, ƯÈ÷ BiofilmµîÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â ÅõÀÔ·®À» Áõ°¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡ ³Ã°¢½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ºÎ½Ä, ¿°¼ÒÀÇ ´ë±â¹æÃâ µî ȯ°æÀ» ÇØÄ¡´Â ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ »ç¿ë½Ã¿¡´Â À¯µ¶¹° ¿©ºÎ, °¡½À±â »ì±ÕÁ¦, ¹°Æ¼½´ µîÀÇ issue·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© »çȸÀû ÀνÄÀÌ »ç¿ëÀ» ¿ëÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æÇâÀÌ´Ù.
¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í bromide ionÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Advanced Stabilized Bleach (ASB)´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò(chlorosulfamate ion)ÀÇ Biofilm ħÅõ¼Óµµ°¡ ³î¶ø°Ôµµ Cl-°ú °ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÏÇϸç, ³Ã°¢¼ö¿¡ ÅõÀÔµÈ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ HOClÀÌ Á¶±Ý¾¿Çظ®°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ½Ã½ºÅÛ³»¿¡ biofilmÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀº biofilmÀÌ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ º®ÀÇ °è¸é±îÁö ħÅõÇÏ¿© HOCl¸¦ Çظ®ÇÏ°í Çظ®µÈ HOClÀº ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿Â °ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© HOBrÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. »ý¼ºµÈ HOBr·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ASB´Â HOCl´Üµ¶ »ç¿ë½Ãº¸´Ù Àû¿ë pH¹üÀ§°¡ ³Ð¾îÁø´Ù
»ý¼ºµÈ HOBrÀº ¹Ì»ý¹°°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ ÈÄ, ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã Àç»ýµÇ¾î HOCl°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© »êÈ·ÂÀ» ȸº¹Çϴ Ư¼ºÀ¸·Î ºê·Î¸¶À̵åÀÌ¿Â ÇÔ·®ÃÖ¼Òȸ¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¹°¸®/ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î º®¸é¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â biofilmÀº °è¸é¿¡¼ ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î »êÈµÇ¸é º®¸é°ú ºÎÂø·ÂÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ³Ã°¢¼ö¿¡ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¹°¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÀ¯µÈ ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº ¼Ò·®ÀÇ »ì±ÕÁ¦·Î¼ ½±°Ô Á¦¾îµÇ¹Ç·Î ¹Ì»ý¹°À» ¸ðµÎ Á×ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ¼½ÄÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ȯ°æÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ì±ÕÁ¦ »ç¿ë¸ñÀû¿¡ ºÎÇյǴ °á°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿°¼Ò ÇÔÀ¯·® ƯÈ÷ À¯¸®¿°¼Ò ÇÔÀ¯·®ÀÌ ³·Àº ASB ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ¹ø½ÄÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â biofilmÀ» ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á¦¾îÇϸç, Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê »ç¿ë½Ã¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¸é ¿°¼ÒÀÇ ´ë±â ¹æÃâÀ» ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨¼Ò½ÃÄÑ Áö±¸È¯°æ¿¡ Å©°Ô ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
»çȸÀûÀ¸·Î Clean Air¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä±¸°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ÇöÀç ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼ ³Ã°¢ ž¿¡¼ ºñ»êµÇ´Â ´ë±â Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ËÅä°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç ƯÈ÷ ³Ã°¢ ž¿¡ ÅõÀԵǴ »ì±ÕÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼½ÉÇÑ °ËÅä°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ California San Francisco BayÁÖº¯¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 9°³ County°¡ °á¼ºÇÑ BAAQMD (Bay Area Air Quality Management District) ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ³Ã°¢ ž¿¡¼ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ¹Ì¼¼¸ÕÁö (particulate matter: PM), Èֹ߼º À¯±â¹°Áú (volatile organic compound: VOC), µ¶¼º °ø±â¿À¿°¹° (toxics air contaminant: TAC)ÀÇ ´ë±â ¹èÃâ·®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¼Ò°³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼ Èֹ߼ºÀÌ ³·Àº ¾×»óÀÇ ¹°Áú (¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦)µµ PM°ú ÇÔ²² ¾ÆÁÖ ÀûÀº ¾çÀÌÁö¸¸ ¹èÃâµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼ Green BiocideÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ Áõ´ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ASB´Â »ó¼öµµ¿¡¼µµ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»êÀ» ¾ÈÁ¤È½ÃÅ´À¸·Î ³¿»õ°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Â ¾×»óÀ¸·Î ³Ã°¢ ž°ú °°ÀÌ ¹°ÀÌ °ø±â ÁßÀ¸·Î ºñ»êµÇ¾îµµ ´ë±â Áß Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê ¹æÃâÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±âÁ¸ ³Ã°¢ ž¿¡¼ Åë»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê ÃÑ·® ´ëºñÇÏ¿© ¿°¼Ò »ç¿ë·®ÀÌ 1/5ÀÌÇϷμ ¿°¼Ò»ç¿ë·® Àý°¨¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Áö±¸È¯°æ °³¼±¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ´ëÇü ³Ã°¢ ÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ê¾÷´ÜÁö Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â ¿°¼ÒÀÇ ´ë±â¹æÃâ·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¿ÀÁ¸³óµµ »ó½Â°ú °°Àº ´ë±â ȯ°æ °³¼±¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç¿ëµÈ ³Ã°¢¼ö´Â ¿°¼Ò¼Òµ¶ºÎ»ê¹° (disinfectant by product)»ý¼º·®µµ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î ¼öÁú °³¼±¿¡µµ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ASB(Advanced Stabilized Bleach) ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀº Justeq 07»óÇ¥¸íEPA Reg #: 84024-1 (Oct 18 2007)·Î »ì±ÕÁ¦·Î¼ Çѱ¹ ÃÖÃÊ·Î µî·ÏÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ¿¡¼µµ 2012³â 5¿ù 25ÀÏ µî·ÏÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀϺ»¿¡¼µµ Accucide 100»óÇ¥¸íÀ¸·Î 2011³â 12¿ù 22ÀÏ ¡°Accucide 100ªÎªÛêá×¾ÛÆå×á¬øપéĪ¤ªë æøßäô÷ ì¶ßÈãËúС± °ú 2010³â 9¿ù 3ÀÏ ¡±Ú°ßæÚªªòéĪ¤ªëܨì¶ê«àõãËúÐ (AmesãËúÐ)¡° ¿¡¼ ÀÌ»ó ¾øÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â ³îÀÌ °ø¿øÀÇ ºÐ¼ö´ë¿¡¼ ASB¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÑ °á°ú´Â ³¿»õ¹®Á¦ ¿Í ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡¼ ¿ì·Á¸¦ ÇؼÒÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÃæºÐÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù
ASB´Â Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê°ú ´Þ¸® Àå±â°£ º¸°üÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±Ý¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎ½ÄÀ²µµ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒµÇ¸ç, Èֹ߼ºÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÁÖÀÔ ÆßÇÁÀÇ À¯Áöº¸¼öµµ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ´Ù.
BiofilmÀº Çø±â¼º Bacteria¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ SRBºÎ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿±³È¯±â »ç¿ë±â°£À» ´ÜÃàÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿±³È¯±â ¼º´ÉÀ» ÀúÇϽÃÅ°´Â ÁÖ¿ä ¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î½á ASB»ç¿ëÀ¸·ÎBiofilmÁ¦°ÅµÇ¸é ¿¡³ÊÁö È¿À²À» »ó½Â½ÃÄÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö Àý°¨À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Áö±¸ ¿Â³ÈÀÇ ÁÖ¹üÀÎ ÀÌ»êÈ Åº¼Ò °¨¼Ò¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ È¿°úµµ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ÇöÀç Á¦Ç°ÈµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ³Ã°¢¼ö¿ë GradeÀÎ SuperbromÀº 10³â ÀüºÎÅÍ ±¹³»¿Ü¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, 2014³â¿¡´Â RO¿ë Biocide Eco-Bio¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Eco-Bio´Â »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÓ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í total halogen³óµµ´Â À¯ÁöÇϸ鼵µ Æú¸®¾Æ¹Ìµå°è ¿ª»ïÅõ¾Ð ¸·¿¡ ÀüÇô ¼Õ»óÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÇöÀç ±¹³»±â¾÷¿¡¼ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù
ASB°ü·Ã ¹®ÇåÀÚ·á´Â ±¹Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î 2009³â¿¡ IWC (International Water Conference), AWT (Association of Water Technology)¿¡¼ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 2014³â Process Cooling Journal¿¡ °ÔÀçµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÇöÀç ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼µµ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎBiocideÀÇ »ì±Õ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ ¼Ò°³Çϸé, IsothiazolinoneÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Thiol group(SH)¿Í ÈÇйÝÀÀÀ» ÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¹°Áú´ë»ç ¾ïÁ¦Çϸç, 4±Þ ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¿òÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸·À» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â phospholipids¿Í Àü±âÀû °áÇÕÀ¸·Î ¼¼Æ÷ È£ÈíÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϸç, phenol°æ¿ì¿¡´Â phospholipid¿¡ ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ħÅõÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷³» ¼ö¼Û½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Æı«ÇÑ´Ù.
¸ðµç biocide´Â »ó±â ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁò ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷¿Í ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â Á×ÀÌ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» °®°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¾î¶°ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ¹«ÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±× ¿µÇâÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Ãâó:Antimicrobial resistance to disinfectants in biofilms
P.Araújo, M.Lemos, F.Mergulhão, L. Melo and M.Simões*
LEPAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Biocide´Â ¼Òµ¶Á¦ (disinfectant),¹æºÎÁ¦(preservative),º´ÃæÇØ ¹æÁö (pest control),±âŸ »ì±ÕÁ¦ (other biocide)·Î Å©°Ô ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾à 955Á¾°ú 372Á¾ÀÇ µî·Ï¹°Áú (notified substances)À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© 23Á¦Ç° ÇüÅ (product type)·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù
¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϰųª ¶Ç´Â Á×ÀÌ´Â ¹°Áú (bactericide or fungicide pesticide)ÀÌ È¯°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿µÇâÀÌ ¹«ÇØÇϰųª ÃÖ¼Òȵȴٸé Green¶Ç´Â Eco-Friendly Biocide¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
³ì»öÈÇÐÀºÀ§ÇèÇϰųªÈ¯°æÀ»¿À¿°½Ãų¼öÀִ¹°ÁúÀÇ»ç¿ë°ú»ý¼ºÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇϸé¼ÈÇÕ¹°À»Á¦Á¶ÇÏ´ÂÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦¼³°èÇϴ°úÇÐÀÌ´Ù.³ì»öÈÇÐÀÇ¡®12¿øÄ¢¡¯À̶õÈÇÐÀÚµéÀÌÁö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇѸñÇ¥¸¦´Þ¼ºÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀ»ÁÙ¼öÀִ¡®¼³°è±ÔÄ¢¡¯À¸·Î¼ÀÌ¿øÄ¢ÇÏ¿¡ÇÕ¼º¹ÝÀÀÀ»ÁÖÀDZí°Ô°èȹÇؼ¿øÇÏÁö¾Ê´Â¹ÝÀÀÀ»ÃÖ´ëÇÑÁÙÀϼöÀÖµµ·ÏºÐÀڱԸ𿡠¼¼³°èÇϴ°ÍÀÌƯ¡ÀÌ´Ù.
Ãâó:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry
ASBÇÕ¼º°øÁ¤: HOCl + Cl-NHSO3H¡æ Cl-NHSO3H + H2O
¡æ NH2SO3H + HOCl + Br-¡æ HOBr + Cl-
12 Principles of green chemistry |
Advanced Stabilized Bleach |
1. Prevention waste |
Prevent slime without additional chemicals or waste products. |
2. Atomic economy |
No excess material for disposal |
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis |
Bleach converts to less hazardous stabilized bleach |
4. Designing Safer Chemicals |
Stabilized bleach easily penetrates & removes biofilm |
5. Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries |
No solvents or auxiliary substance |
6. Design for Energy Efficiency |
ASB synthesis: no heating at ambient pressure |
7. Use of Renewable feedstocks |
Bromide ion is recycled in the cooling water |
8. Reduce Derivatives |
No other chemicals are used |
9. Catalysts |
No catalysts are used |
10. Design for Degradation |
ASB readily converts back to less-hazardous sulfamate ion |
11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention |
Chlorine can be analyzed & controlled in real time by ORP, DPD method |
»ó±â Ç¥¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ Advanced Stabilized Bleach (ASB)Á¦Á¶°øÁ¤Àº ³ì»öÈÇÐ 12¿øÄ¢°úºñ±³ÇÏ¿©µµ ºÎÇյǴ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
"Agreen biocide is prepared in a manner that avoids waste formation, so that the lack of waste treatment and cleaning costs makes it economical. It should be prepared from the least toxic renewable raw materials, without solvents, consuming minimal energy and producing no by-products. The production process should be accelerated by specific catalysts that are regenerated at the end of reaction for reuse. The synthetic process should be monitored using analytical tools and techniques to prevent pollutants from spreading into the environment The process should be safe and free of accidents or explosives." (Fig. 1).
Ãâó :
Çҷΰհè, ÀÌ»êÈ¿°¼Ò, ¿ÀÁ¸, Hydrogen peroxide¿Í °°Àº »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦(oxidizing agent B)´Â ´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ »êÈȯ¿ø ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ¹Ì»ý¹°(reducing agent A)À» ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Å¿ö Á×À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ Àå±â°£ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©µµ ³»¼ºÀº ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
¿°¼Ò°¡½º¸¦ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¹°°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê(HOCl)ÀÌ »ý¼ºµÇ°í »ý¼ºµÈ Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»êÀº ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº ¹ß»ý±â »ê¼Ò(Nascent Oxygen)¹ß»ý½ÃÄÑ ¹Ì»ý¹°À» »êȽÃŲ´Ù.
ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸·À» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄѼ ¹Ì»ý¹°À» »ì±Õ ¶Ç´Â ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý°ú ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö »ý»ê°ú È°¿ë°ú °°Àº biochemical machineryÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°À» »ì±ÕÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô 2Á¾·ù·Î ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é 4±Þ ¾Ï¸ð´½ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸·À» ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄѼ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀå ¾ïÁ¦¿Í »ì±ÕÀ» Çϳª ±×¿Ü ´ëºÎºÐ »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¹°Áú´ë»ç (metabolism)¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄÑ »ì±ÕÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë½Ã ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ³»¼ºÀÌ »ý±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
³»¼ºÀº ¿©·¯ °æ·Î·Î ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¹Ì»ý¹° Ư¼º»ó Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¹àÇôÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿©·¯ ÁÖÀåÀÌ Á¦±âµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡ Çϳª¸¦ ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¼Ò°³Çϸé biofilm¿¡ ¼½ÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ ù ¹ø° ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ¾àÇ°ÀÌ biofilm¿¡ Èí¼öµÇ°Å³ª Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î °áÇյǾî biofilmħÅõ°¡ ´Ê¾îÁö°Å³ª ħÇصÇÁö ¸øÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â »ì±Õ·Â È¿·ÂÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¹ßÈÖÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. µÎ ¹ø° ´Ü°è´Â ħÅõ°¡ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡µµ biofilm³» ¹Ì¼¼È¯°æ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é »ê¼Ò°áÇÌ ¶Ç´Â pHµîÀÇ º¯È·Î ÀϺΠ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ°¡ phenotype (À¯ÀüÀÚ¿Í È¯°æÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ »ý¹°ÀÇ ÇüÁú)»óÅ·ΠºÐ鵃 ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¼¼ ¹ø° ´Ü°è´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ¿µ¾çºÐ °áÇÌ°ú Àû´ëÀû ȯ°æÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© Æ÷ÀÚÇüÅ·ΠºÐÈµÇ¾î ¾àÇ°ÀÇ È¿´ÉÀÌ ¹«·ÂȵDZ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.
µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¾àÇ°À» Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë½Ã ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ³»¼ºÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹Ì»ý¹° Ư¼º»ó ¿øÀÎÀ» ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ±Ô¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª, ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Å¿ö Á×ÀÌ´Â »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦¸¦ »ç¿ë½Ã¿¡´Â ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù.
Ãâó:
Lancet2001;358:135–38
Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Chemical
Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3980,
USA(P S Stewart, J W Costerton)
Antimicrobial mode of action of biocides (adapted from [19]). CRAs– Chlorine removal agents; QACs– Quaternary ammonium compounds
»ó±â ±×¸²¿¡¼ »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ group°ú ÈÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀå/¾ïÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â Á×ÀÌ´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¿°¼Ò°è (CRA)¸¦ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Bacteria¿¡¼´Â ¿øÇüÁú°ú ¼¼Æ÷º® ¹°Áú°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇϸç, Áø±Õ·ù¿¡¼´Â ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ amino (-NH)group,¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡¼´Â DNA, Capsid (¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ÇÙ»êÀ» ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ü¹éÁú ²®Áú),¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ thiol (-SH) group°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇϸç, ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ Æ÷ÀÚ¿¡¼´Â ÇÇÁú (cortex)°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á×°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
Ãâó:Antimicrobial resistance to disinfectants in biofilms
P.Araújo, M.Lemos, F.Mergulhão, L. Melo and M.Simões*
LEPAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
isothiazolone´Â È¿¼Ò³ª ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ -SH group°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ÀúÇÏ (ie, ATPÇÕ¼º°ú ÀÌ¿ëÀ» ¾ïÁ¦)½ÃÄѼ Á×°ÔÇÑ´Ù
Ãâó:THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF COMMONLY USED OXIDIZING AND NON-OXIDIZING BIOCIDES: REACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER BIOCIDES WITHIN THE SYSTEM
Mary C. Chervenak Senior Chemist Union Carbide Corporation P. O. Box 670 Bound Brook, NJ 08805
Glutaraldehye »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¾Ëµ¥ÇÏÀ̵å¿Í ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¾Æ¹Î°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ºÀÀεǴ ȿ°ú (a sealing of the cell envelope)·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷°¡ Á×°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Ãâó:THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF COMMONLY USED OXIDIZING AND NON-OXIDIZING BIOCIDES: REACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER BIOCIDES WITHIN THE SYSTEM
Mary C. Chervenak Senior Chemist Union Carbide Corporation P. O. Box 670 Bound Brook, NJ 08805
Quaternary ammonium salt »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ¾çÀÌ¿ÂÀ̹ǷΠÀ½ÀÌ¿Â°è ¼¼Æ÷¸·°ú Àü±âÀû °áÇÕÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ïÅõ¾Ð º¯È·Î ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ º¯¼ºµÇ¾î ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ÁװԵȴÙ.
Ãâó:THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF COMMONLY USED OXIDIZING AND NON-OXIDIZING BIOCIDES: REACTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER BIOCIDES WITHIN THE SYSTEM
Mary C. Chervenak Senior Chemist Union Carbide Corporation P. O. Box 670 Bound Brook, NJ 08805
AshrafµîÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ Review Paper¿¡¼´Â
"New approaches to controlling biofouling and their MICs are based on what is believed to be the mechanism for biofilm formation outlined earlier. These new approaches focus on chemical treatment programs that
do not function by killing the microorganisms
but by preventing the microorganisms from attaching to surfaces,
or by dispersing them from surfaces if they do become attached.
The dispersed microorganisms then can be killed with an oxidizing biocide such as chlorine or more environmentally acceptable biocides, such bromine, chlorine dioxide or ozone."
BiofoulingÀ» Á¦¾îÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î
»ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á×ÀÌÁö ¸»°í, ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ±âº®¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇÏ°í, ºÎÂøµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¹°¼ÓÀ¸·Î ºÐ»ê½ÃŲ´Ù.¹°¼Ó¿¡ ºÐ»êµÈ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀºÇҷΰհè¿Í °°Àº »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦·Î¼ ½±°Ô Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ ¼½ÄÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ȯ°æ Áï biofilmÀ» Á¦¾îÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÇ È¯°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇϸ鼵µ ¹Ì»ý¹° Á¦¾îÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ »õ·Î¿î °æÇâÀÌ´Ù.
Ãâó: Biofilm growth, structure and function OEST 740 011508
¹ÙÀÌ¿À Çʸ§Á¶¼ºÀº 95%Á¤µµÀÇ ¹°, 2-5%Á¤µµ ¹Ì»ý¹°°ú À½À̿¼ºÀ» °®´Â polysaccharide°è °íºÐÀÚ, ¾à°£ÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Æú¸®»çÄ«·ÎÀ̵å´Â biofilmÀ» ±âº®¿¡ ºÎÂø½ÃÅ°¸ç, ³»ºÎ¿¡ ¼ö¸¹Àº water channelÀ» Çü¼º½ÃÄѼ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ »ì ¼ö Àִ ȯ°æÀ» Á¶¼ºÇÑ´Ù. NIH (USA)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé biofilmÀ¸·Î ±âÀεǴ ¹Ì»ý¹° °¨¿°Àº 80%Á¤µµ·Î¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
Biofilm»ý¼º ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁò
BiofilmÀÇ »ý¼ºÀº Å©°Ô 5´Ü°è·Î ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µ¥, ¼º¼÷´Ü°è¿¡¼ EPO (Exopolysaccharides)°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ¾î °íÂøÈ°¡ °¡¼ÓµÇ¸ç, »ý¼ºµÈ biofilmÀÇ ÀϺδ À¯¼Ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ºÐ»êµÇ¾î Àü ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ÀüÆĵȴÙ.
Ãâó: Biofilms: A Survival and Resistance Mechanism of Microorganisms
Castrillon Rivera Laura Estela and Palma Ramos Alejandro
Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos,
Mexico
(water channels)
»ý¼ºµÈ biofilmÀº polysaccharide¿Í ¹Ì»ý¹°, proteins¼öȹ° ÇüÅ·μ Àü±âÀûÀ¸·Î À½ÀÌ¿Â, Ä£À¯¼º ¹× ÈÇÐ ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±¸Á¶ ¶ÇÇÑ º¹Àâ ´Ù¾çÇÏ¸ç ³»ºÎ¿¡ ¼ö¸¹Àº water channelsÀÌ »ý¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
|
This illustration shows the life cycle of a biofilm. In panel 1, free-swimming (or planktonic) bacteria attach to a surface; those attached (or sessile) cells then create microcolonies. In panel 2, the colony grows and matures as the cells divide and other cells attach to it; EPS stands for extracellular polymeric substances, also called the extracellular matrix. Eventually, in panel 3, some bacteria split off, either individually (seeding) or in clusters, and attach to another surface to start a new colony.
ºÎÀ¯¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ Ç¥¸é¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ¸é ºÎÂø¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ µÇ¾î microcoloniesÇü¼ºµÇ´Â °úÁ¤°ú À¯¼Ó µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÐ¸®µÈ seeding dispersal¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °è¼Ó ÀüÆĵǴ °úÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °°Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌÁö¸¸ ¼½ÄÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÎÀ¯¼º°ú ºÎÂø¼ºÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÐµÈ´Ù.
"Bacteria in biofilms can be 1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics than free-swimming bacteria. This increased resistance is only one of the many ways bacteria in biofilms differ from bacteria outside biofilms. "
Ãâó: Fall 2010 online at dartmed.dartmouth.edu—Dartmouth Medicine 27
MIC - Minimum Inhibitory Concentrationis the lowest concentration of an antibiotic needed to stop the microbe from reproducing. MBC - Minimum Biocidal Concentrationis the lowest concentration of an antibiotic needed to kill the microbe
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÇ MIC (ºÎÀ¯¼º ¹Ì»ý¹° ¼ºÀåÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¼Ò³óµµ)µµ ¿¬±¸³í¹®¿¡¼¿Í´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô ½ÇÁ¦ »ç¿ë½Ã¿Í´Â ÁÖº¯È¯°æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ Å« Â÷À̸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
»ó±â ±×·¡ÇÁ¿¡¼ ¿°¼ÒÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 2.5 ppmÅõÀÔ 5½Ã°£ ÈÄ ÈÄ ºÎÀ¯¼º ¹Ì»ý¹° »ýÁ¸À²Àº 10-8 ÀÌÇÏÀ¸·Î °Ý°¨ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, biofilm¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº Á×Áö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÎ glutaradehyde, isothiazolone, 4±Þ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¿òµµ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °æÇâÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Resistance factor: biofilm kill time/planktonic kill time
´ÙÀ½ Ç¥¿¡¼ ºÎÀ¯¼º ¹Ì»ý¹°°ú biofilm¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÌ biocideÅõÀÔ ÈÄ ¹Ì»ý¹° ¼ýÀÚ°¡ log2 level°¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ½Ã°£À» ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Ç¥¿¡¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÑ ³óµµ·Î ÅõÀÔÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡ 4±Þ ¾Ï¸ð´Ï¿ò°èÀÎ ADBAC´Âresistance factorÃÖ´ë 2,000ÀÌ»ó, ¿°¼ÒÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ 11¹è Á¤µµ·Î ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ³ôÀº ³óµµ·Î biocide¸¦ ÅõÀÔÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ³óµµ¹üÀ§¿¡¼´Â biofilm¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº Á×Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Ãâó :
P.S.Stewart et a l.Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of ChemicalEngineering, Montana State University
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, (2002)29, 10-15
MBEC´Â biofilmÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãּҳ󵵷μ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î´Â MBEC > MBC > MIC·Î¼ BiofilmÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â MIC´ëºñÇÏ¿© ´Ù·®ÀÇ biocideÅõÀÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
ÇÒ·Î°Õ°è »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â Á¢Ã˽𣿡 µû¶ó »óÀÌÇÏÁö¸¸ 1½Ã°£(À¯Áö/Á¢Ã˽ð£)±âÁØÀ¸·Î º¸¸é 2~4 ppm¹üÀ§¿¡¼ BiofilmÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù.
ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÇ MBEC´Â 1½Ã°£ Á¢Ã˽ð£À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ÇöÀç ³Ã°¢Å¾¿¡¼ ÀÚÁÖ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â isothiazoloneÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 75 ppm (active±âÁØ)À¸·Î ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº ³óµµÀÌ´Ù.
Ãâó :
´ÙÀ½ ±×·¡ÇÁ¿¡¼ biofilmÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ ÈÄ 1ÁÖÀÏ °æ°úÇϸé HOClÀÇ MBEC³óµµ°¡ 2.5¿¡¼ 7.5 ppmÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦µµ °°Àº °æÇâÀ̸çÇöÀå¿¡¼´Â ÈξÀ ¿À·¡µÈ biofilmÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Á¦°Å°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù.
"A 7-day biofilm was prepared from P. aeruginosa. As biofilms age they generally become more resistant to the action of biocides. As expected, the 7-day biofilm proved more difficult to eradicate than 24-hour biofilms in this work"
Ãâó:
¿°¼Ò´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ »êȽÃÄÑ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ý¸®°¡´ÉÀ» Á¤Áö½ÃÄÑ ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á×°Ô ÇÏ¸ç ±× °úÁ¤Àº ¼¼Æ÷Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Âtarget site¿Í ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷º® Àå¾Ö¹°À» Æı«ÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷ ±¸¼º¼ººÐÀ» ´©ÃâÇÏ°ÔÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷¸· ±¸¼º±â´ÉÀ» Á¤Áö½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷±â´ÉÀÌ Á¤ÁöµÇ´Â ¸ÞÄ«´ÏÁòÀ¸·Î ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â functional groupÀ» »êȽÃÅ°¹Ç·Î Àå±â°£ »ç¿ë½Ã¿¡µµ ³»¼ºÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù,
Ãâó:Chlorine Gas Inhalation
Human Clinical Evidence of Toxicity and Experience in Animal Models
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY VOL 7 2010 pp 257
¿°¼Ò°¡ ±âµµ(Airway)·Î ÈíÀ﵃ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
¿°¼Ò°¡½º´Â ¹°°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¸é ¿°»ê(HCl)°ú Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê(HOCl)ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¼ö¿µÀå¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê ¿ë¾×Àº ¿°¼Ò°¡½º¸¦ ¹°°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© pH¸¸ ¾ËÄ«¸®·Î Á¶Á¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù
Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»êÀº ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº nitrogen species, hydroxyl radicalµîÀ» »ý¼º½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ±âµµºÎ»ó, ºÎÁ¾, ¿°Áõ, ±Þ¼º°ú¹Î¼º ±âµµ¼öÃà µîÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
´ÙÀ½ ±×¸²Àº ¿°¼Ò°¡½º¸¦ ÈíÀԽà ±âµµ¿¡ »óó°¡ ³ª´Â °úÁ¤À» ±×¸²À¸·Î º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»êµµ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù
Ãâó :
Chlorine Gas Inhalation
Human Clinical Evidence of Toxicity and Experience in Animal Models
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY VOL 7 2010 pp 257
Workplace Exposure Limits for Chlorine
Exposure |
Exposure Limit at workplace |
Remark |
2~3 ppm |
|
Annoying (Â¥Áõ³ª´Â) |
1~2 ppm |
|
Burdensome(±«·Î¿î), irritating (ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â) |
1 ppm |
15 min |
|
0.5 ppm |
6 hrs |
|
0.3 ppm |
|
Odor perception (³¿»õÀνÄ) |
0.034 ppm |
Workplace |
WHO Á¦¾È (°¨°¢ÀûÀÎ ÀÚ±Ø & ȯ±â) |
WHO°¡ ±ÇÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀåÀÇ ¿°¼Ò°¡½º ³óµµÁï Àå±â°£ °ÅÁÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³óµµ´Â 0.034 ppmÀÌ¸ç ³¿»õ¸¦ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³óµµÀÎ 0.3 ppmÀÇ 1/10¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³·Àº ÆíÀÌ´Ù.
¿°¼Ò°¡ ÀÔÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
¿°¼Ò ó¸®µÈ ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã¸é À§Àå¿¡ ÀÖ´Â À½½Ä¹°À̳ª Àå¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÌ ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¿°¼Ò¸¦ ÁßȽÃŲ´Ù. ¿°¼ÒÀÇ ³óµµ°¡ ¼ÒȱⰣÀǼ¼Æ÷¸·À»¼Õ»óÇϱ⿡´Â ³óµµ°¡ ³Ê¹« ³·´Ù.
À½¿ë¼ö³ª ¼ö¿µÀå°ú °°Àº ¼Ò·®ÀÇ ¿°¼Ò´Â »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á×ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³óµµ°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é¿°¼Ò´Â ÀÎüÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
Ãâó:SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN May4, 1998
Jon J. Calomiris,WaterResearch Program Manager at the United States Air Force Research Laboratory, and Keith A. Christman, Director, Disinfection and Government Relations at the Chlorine Chemistry Council, collaborated on this answer
¡Ø À¯µ¶¹° (Á¦3Á¶ °ü·Ã)
°íÀ¯ ¹øÈ£ |
ÈÇй°ÁúÀÇ ¸íĪ |
Ç¥½Ã»çÇ×(Code)¡Ø |
À¯ÇØÀ§Çè¹®±¸ |
±×¸² ¹®ÀÚ |
½ÅÈ£¾î |
97-1-2 |
Hydrogen peroxide :
7722-84 ¹× À̸¦ 6% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- ÈÀç ¶Ç´Â Æø¹ßÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½ : °»êÈÁ¦
- »ïÅ°¸é À¯ÇØÇÔ
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ÇǺο¡ ½ÉÇÑ È»ó°ú ´«¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
|
GHS03
GHS06
GHS05
|
À§Çè |
2013-1-669 |
Chlorine dioxide ;
10049-04-4 ¹× 1% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- ÈÀ縦 ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Å³ª °·ÄÇÏ°Ô ÇÔ: »êÈÁ¦
- °í¾Ð°¡½ºÆ÷ÇÔ: °¡¿Çϸé Æø¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ÇǺο¡ ½ÉÇÑ È»ó°ú ´«¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
|
GHS03
GHS04
GHS06
GHS05
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
97-1-106 |
Bronopol :
52-51-7¹× À̸¦ 1% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- »ïÅ°¸é À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- ÇÇºÎ¿Í Á¢ÃËÇϸé À¯ÇØÇÔ
- ÇǺο¡ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ´«¿¡ ½ÉÇÑ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- È£Èí±â°è ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- Àå±âÀû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÔ
|
GHS05
GHS06
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
97-1-109 |
Bromo-2-propanone :
598-31-2 ¹× À̸¦ 1% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
|
GHS06
|
À§Çè |
2012-1-643 |
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine
phosphate : PHMG phosphate :
89697-78-9 polyhexamethylene
guanidine hydrochloride;
PHMG chloride; 57028-96-3°ú
±× Áß Çϳª¸¦ 1% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- »ïÅ°¸é À¯ÇØÇÔ
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ´«¿¡ ½ÉÇÑ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- Àå±â°£ ¶Ç´Â ¹Ýº¹ ³ëÃâµÇ¸é
(ƯÁ¤Ç¥ÀûÀå±â)¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- Àå±âÀû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÔ
|
GHS05
GHS06
GHS08
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
2012-1-644 |
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one;
26172-55-4 ¹× À̸¦ 1% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- »ïÅ°¸é À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- ÇÇºÎ¿Í Á¢ÃËÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ÇǺο¡ ½ÉÇÑÈ»ó°ú ´«¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¾Ë·¹¸£±â¼º ÇǺΠ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- Àå±âÀû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÔ
|
GHS05
GHS06
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
2012-1-645 |
2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one;
2682-20-4 ¹× À̸¦ 1% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- »ïÅ°¸é À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- ÇÇºÎ¿Í Á¢ÃËÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé Ä¡¸íÀûÀÓ
- ÇǺο¡ ½ÉÇÑ È»ó°ú ´«¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¾Ë·¹¸£±â¼º ÇǺιÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- Àå±âÀû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÔ
|
GHS05
GHS06
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
2005-1-555 |
Tributyltetradecylphosphonium
chloride;
81741-28-8 ¹× À̸¦ 25% ÀÌ»ó ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ È¥ÇÕ¹°Áú
|
- »ïÅ°¸é À¯ÇØÇÔ
- ÇǺο¡ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ´«¿¡ ½ÉÇÑ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- Àå±âÀû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÔ
|
GHS07
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
ºñ»êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ±×¸®°í »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÎ °ú»êȼö¼Ò¿Í ÀÌ»êÈ¿°¼Ò´Â À¯ÇØÈÇй°Áú °ü¸®¹ý¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ¿© À¯µ¶¹°·Î ÁöÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù
ASB±¸¼º¼ººÐÀº Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê, ¼úÆÇ»ê ±×¸®°í pHÁ¶ÀýÀ» À§ÇÑ °¡¼º¼Ò´Ù, ¼Ò·®ÀÇ ºê·Î¸¶À̵åÀÌ¿ÂÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °¢ ¼ººÐÀÇ ¹°Áú¾ÈÀü º¸°ÇÀÚ·á´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
CAS # |
ÈÇй°ÁúÀÇ ¸íĪ |
Ç¥½Ã»çÇ×(Code)¡Ø |
À¯ÇØÀ§Çè¹®±¸ |
±×¸² ¹®ÀÚ |
½ÅÈ£¾î |
7681-52-9 |
Sodium hypochlorite
|
- ±Ý¼ÓÀ» ºÎ½Ä½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ½
- ÇÇºÎ¿Í Á¢ÃËÇϸé À¯ÇØÇÔ
- ÈíÀÔÇϸé À¯ÇØÇÔ
- ÇǺο¡ ½ÉÇÑ È»ó°ú ´«¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ´«¿¡ ½ÉÇÑ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- »ïÄѼ ±âµµ·Î À¯ÀԵǸé À¯ÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½
- ¼ö»ý»ý¹°¿¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¶ÇÔ
- Àå±âÀû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö»ý »ý¹°¿¡°Ô °íµ¶¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ½
|
GHS05
GHS07
GHS09
|
À§Çè |
13845-18-66 |
Sulfamic acid Mono sodium salt
|
- Skin and eye contact may result in irritation.
- May be harmful if inhaled or ingested.
|
GHS05
|
°æ°í |
1310-73-2 |
Sodium hydroxide
|
- ÇǺο¡ ½ÉÇÑ È»ó°ú ´«¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ´«¿¡ ½ÉÇÑ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
- ½Åü Áß Æ¯Á¤Àå±â¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´
|
GHS05
GHS08
|
À§Çè |
7647-15-6 |
Sodium bromide
|
- ÀÚ·á¾øÀ½
|
-
|
- |
Á¦Ç°»óÅ·μ´Â pH°¡ ³ôÀº °ü°è·Î ÇÇºÎ¿Í ´«¿¡ ÀÚ±ØÀ» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¼ö¼º½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÅõÀÔµÈ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í ºê·Î¸¶À̵åÀ̿ ȥÇÕ¹° »óÅ·ΠÀÛ¿ëµÇ¸ç ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿Â ³óµµµµ ¹Ù´å¹° ¼Ó¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â ¾ç (50~70ppm)º¸´Ù Àû°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î ȯ°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.
°¡½À±â »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÇ »ì±ÕÁ¦ ¼ººÐÀº ÁÖ·Î Æú¸®Çí»ç¸ÞÆ¿·»±¸¾Æ´Ïµò (polyhexa methylene guanidine; PHMG)°ú ¿°È ¿Ã¸®°í-(ȤÀº 2-)¿¡Åå½Ã ¿¡Æ¿±¸¾Æ´Ïµò (Oligo(2-)ethoxy ethoxyethyl guanidine chloride; PGH)ÀÌ°í, Ŭ·Î·Î¸ÞÄ¥ ÀÌ¼Ò Æ¼¾ÆÁ¹¸®³í(CMIT)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
¡°MIT and its closely related analog,chloromethylisothiazolinoneor CMIT, affect the ability of young or developing neurons to grow processes (axons and dendrites) in tissue culture.¡± ~~~¡±The toxic actions of MIT on developing neurons occurs at much lower concentrations than those inducing lethal injury (1-3 micromolar). CMIT is even more potent, working at concentrations as low as 0.1 micromolar.One micromolar is approximately 0.115 parts per million.¡±
°£·«ÇÏ°Ô ¿ä¾àÇϸé
À̼ÒƼ¾ÆÁ¹·Ð °è ¹°ÁúÀº ³·Àº ³óµµ (MIT: 0.1~0.3 ppm, CMIT: 0.01 ppm)¿¡¼µµ ¾î¸®°Å³ª ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â ½Å°æÀÇ µ¹±â¿Í ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¼öÁ÷»ó µ¹±â¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Ãâó:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylisothiazolinone
µ¶¼º ¾ø´Ù´ø °¡½À±â »ì±ÕÁ¦, ȯ°æºÎ¼± À۳⠡®À¯µ¶¹°¡¯ ÁöÁ¤
±è±â¹ü ±âÀÚ holjjak@kyunghyang.com
º¹ÁöºÎ ¹ßÇ¥¿Í ´Þ¶ó ¡®ÀºÆó¡¯ ÀÇȤ¡¦ ÇÇÇØÀÚ º¸»ó ±æ ¿¸± µí
º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ Áúº´°ü¸®º»ºÎ°¡ µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ °¡½À±â»ì±ÕÁ¦¼ººÐ CMIT¿Í MIT¿¡ ´ëÇØ Áö³ÇØ 9¿ù ȯ°æºÎ°¡ ÀÎü¿Í¾î·ùµî¿¡ À¯µ¶ÇÑ ¹°Áú·Î ÁöÁ¤Çß´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î È®ÀεƴÙ.
CMIT¿Í MIT´Â »ì±Õ¡¤¼Òµ¶±â´ÉÀ» °¡ÁøÈÇй°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. º¹ÁöºÎ°¡ Á¤ºÎ ³»¿¡¼ À¯µ¶ÇÏ´Ù°í ÆÇÁ¤ÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀ» ´«°¨Àº Ã¥ÀÓ·ÐÀÌ Á¦±âµÇ°í ÇÇÇØÀÚµéÀÌ º¸»ó ¹Þ´Â ±æµµ ¿¸± °ÍÀ¸·Î Àü¸ÁµÈ´Ù. ±¹È¸ ȯ°æ³ëµ¿À§¿øȸÀåÇϳª ÀÇ¿ø(¹ÎÁÖÅëÇÕ´ç)Àº Áö³ÇØ 9¿ù ȯ°æºÎ°¡µ¿¹°½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ °¡½À±â »ì±ÕÁ¦ ¼ººÐ Áß CMIT¿Í MITÀÇ µ¶¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ°í À¯µ¶¹°·Î ÁöÁ¤Çß´Ù°í 11ÀÏ ¹àÇû´Ù. Áúº´°ü¸®º»ºÎ°¡ Áö³ÇØ 2¿ù ÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀÌ ÁÖ¼ººÐÀÎ Á¦Ç°¿¡¼´Â Æó°¡ µüµüÇØÁö´Â ¼¶À¯È ¼Ò°ßÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸ç¼ö°Å´ë»ó¿¡¼ Á¦¿ÜÇß´ø °Í°ú Á¤¸é ¹èÄ¡µÇ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. Áúº´°ü¸®º»ºÎ´Â Áö³ 9ÀÏ Àå ÀÇ¿øÀÌ µÎ ¼ººÐÀÌ µç °¡½À±â »ì±ÕÁ¦·Î ÀÎÇØ 5¸íÀÌ ¼ûÁ³´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇßÀ» ¶§µµ Ãß°¡Á¶»ç °èȹÀº ¾ø´Ù(°æÇâ½Å¹®4¿ù10ÀÏÀÚ12¸éº¸µµ)°í ¹àÈù ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. Àå ÀÇ¿øÀÌ °ø°³ÇÑ ÀڷḦ º¸¸é ȯ°æºÎ°¡ ÈòÁ㸦 ´ë»óÀ¸·Î À¯Çؼº½É»ç¸¦ ÇÑ °á°ú CMIT¿Í MIT´Â ±Þ¼ºµ¶¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¹°Áú·Î È®ÀεƴÙ. ½ÇÇè °á°ú CMIT¿Í MIT°¡ µç ¼ººÐÀº °¡½À±â »ì±ÕÁ¦·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¶§Ã³·³ Æó·Î ÈíÀÔÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì 4½Ã°£ µ¿¾È 0.33§·ÀÇ ±ØÈ÷ ÀûÀº ¾ç¿¡¸¸ ³ëÃâµÅµµ ÀÎü¿¡ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÈÇй°ÁúÀ» Æó·Î ÈíÀÔÇÒ ¶§ À¯µ¶¹° ÁöÁ¤±âÁØÀÎ 1§·/§¤ÀÇ 3ºÐÀÇ 1¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÑ ¾çÀ¸·Î, Àü¹®°¡µéÀº CMIT¿Í MIT¸¦ °íµ¶¼º ¹°Áú·Î ºÐ·ùÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àå ÀÇ¿øÀº ¡°±× µ¿¾È µÎ ¼ººÐÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â Á¦Ç°À» »ç¿ëÇØ ÇÇÇظ¦ ÀÔ¾úÀ½¿¡µµ º¹ÁöºÎ°¡ Àΰú°ü°è¸¦ ±Ô¸íÇÏÁö ¸øÇØ º¸»ó ¹ÞÀ» ±æÀÌ ¸·Çô ÀÖ´ø ÇÇÇØÀڵ鿡°Ô º¸»ó°ú ±¸Á¦ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ »ý°å´Ù¡±¸ç öÀúÇÑ Áø»óÁ¶»ç¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù.
Ãâó:http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201304120600065
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¼¼Æ®¸®¸ð´½ ºê·Î¸¶À̵å´Â ºÎÁ÷Æ÷¿Í ¹°ÀÌ ÁÖ¼ººÐÀÎ ¹°Æ¼½´¿¡¼ »ì±Õ°ú º¸Á¸ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¼ººÐÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹®Á¦°¡ Á¦±âµÇÀÚ Á¦Á¶»ç ÃøÀÌ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â µî ³í¶õÀÌ ÀϾî ÈÁ¦·Î ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ±¹°¡±â¼úÇ¥ÁØ¿øÀº Àü¹®±â°üÀÇ ºÐ¼® °á°ú Á¶»ç´ë»ó Á¦Ç° 144°³ Áß 26°³ Á¦Ç°¿¡¼ ¼¼Æ®¸®¸ð´½°è ¼ººÐÀÌ »ç¿ëµÆ´Âµ¥, Á¦Ç° Áß·® ³» ºñÁßÀÌ 0.0055¡0.0604%¿¡ ±×ÃÆ´Ù°í ÀüÇß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¾ÈÀü ±âÁØÀÎ ¡®Á¦Ç° Áß·®ÀÇ 0.1%'¸¦ ¹Øµµ´Â ¼öÄ¡¿©¼ ½ÃÁß¿¡ À¯Åë ÁßÀÎ Á¦Ç°Àº ¡°¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ¼ººÐ °ü¸®°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼À¡±À̶ó°í ±¹Ç¥¿øÀº ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¹°Æ¼½´ ¾ÈÀü¿¡ ³×ƼÁðµéÀº "¹°Æ¼½´ ¾ÈÀü, ´ÙÇàÀ̾ß", "¹°Æ¼½´ ¾ÈÀü, ¸¶À½²¯ ½á¾ß°Ú¾î", "¹°Æ¼½´ ¾ÈÀü, ¾ï¿ïÇßÀ» µí"µîÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. µ¿¾Æ´åÄÄ ¿Â¶óÀ맫ºÆÀ ±â»çÁ¦º¸ star@donga.com
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Â÷¼¼´ë »ì±ÕÁ¦ ASB´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í bromideÀÌ¿ÂÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ½½¶óÀÓ »ý¼º¹æÁö ¹× Á¦°Å ±â´ÉÀ» °®´Â ³¿»õ°¡ ¾ø´Â ¹«±â°è ¾×»óÀÇ »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù.
ASBÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀº ½½¶óÀÓ ³»ºÎ¿¡ ħÅõµÇ³ª NaOCl°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ³óµµ¿¡¼´Â ½½¶óÀÓ Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ À¯±â¹°°ú ¸ÕÀú ¹ÝÀÀÇϹǷΠ½½¶óÀÓ ³»ºÎ±îÁö´Â ħÅõµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼ÒÀÎ chlorosulfamateÀÌ¿ÂÀº ½½¶óÀÓ°ú ±âº®ÀÇ °è¸é±îÁö ħÅõÇÏ¿© ½½¶óÀÓÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â À¯±â¹°(Exopolysaccharides)À» »êȹÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ºÎÂø·ÂÀ» Á¦°Å½ÃÄÑ ½½¶óÀÓÀ» ±âº®¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿© ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÀ¯µÈ ½½¶óÀÓÀº blow downµî ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ biocide¼Ò¸ð¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ´Â °æÁ¦Àû ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù
³Ã°¢¼ö ¹× ½½¶óÀÓ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼ HOBr»ý¼º¹ÝÀÀ
¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼ÒÀÇ HOClÇظ® ¹ÝÀÀ: Cl-NHSO3- + H2O¡æNH2SO3- + HOCl
HOBr»ý¼º¹ÝÀÀ : HOCl + Br-¡æ HOBr + Cl-
´ëºÎºÐ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ³Ã°¢¼öÀÇ pH 8~8.5¹üÀ§¿¡¼´Â HOC l´Üµ¶ »ç¿ë½Ã¿¡´Â Çظ®°¡ Àû°í ´ëºÎºÐ »êÈ·ÂÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ OCl-·Î Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. À̸¦ º¸¿ÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÔ²² ÅõÀÔµÈ bromideÀÌ¿ÂÀÌ HOCl°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© Çظ®µµ°¡ ³ôÀº HOBrÀ» »ý¼ºÇÏ¿© »êÈ·ÂÀ» Áõ´ë½ÃŲ´Ù.
ASB°¡ °®´Â Ź¿ùÇÑ ½½¶óÀÓ »ý¼º¹æÁö ¹× Á¦°Å·ÂÀº ÁÖ¿ä ±¸¼º ¼ººÐÀÎ ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í bromideÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ ½½¶óÀÓ Ä§Åõ·Â¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
»ó±â ±×·¡ÇÁ´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò 800 ppmÀ» ÅõÀÔÈÄ 392ÃÊ °æ°ú ÈÄ¿¡ 1mm biofilmÀ» Åõ°úÇÑ ³óµµ´Â 400ppmÀ̸ç HOClÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 1,000ppmÅõÀÔÈÄ 1511ÃÊ °æ°ú ÈÄ¿¡ 1mm biofilmÅõ°úÇÑ ³óµµ´Â 100ppmÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÈ data¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
À̸¦ ´Ù½Ã Á¤¸®Çϸé 1mm biofilmÀ» 50%ħÅõÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼Ò¿äµÈ ½Ã°£Àº Cl- ÀÌ¿Â ¾à5ºÐ, ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼ÒÀÌ¿Â (chlorosulfamate ion)Àº ¾à 6ºÐ, OCl-(hypochlorite ion)´Â ¾à 48ºÐÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò´Â chlorideÀ̿°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿©µµ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¸¹Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª OCl-Àº 10¹èÁ¤µµÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í chlorideÀÌ¿ÂÀº ½½¶óÀÓ°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅÂÀ̹ǷΠ½½¶óÀÓ¿¡ ºü¸£°Ô ħÅõµÇ´Â Çö»óÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª OCl-ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ½½¶óÀÓ°ú ¹ÝÀÀ(»êÈ)¼Óµµ°¡ È®»ê¼Óµµº¸´Ù ºü¸£±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ç¿ë ³óµµ¹üÀ§¿¡¼´Â ´ëºÎºÐ OCl-°ú ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ¼Ò¸ðµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½½¶óÀÓÀÇ Á¦°Å¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© °ú·®ÀÇ HOClÀ» ÅõÀÔÇÏ¸é ¿°¼ÒÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ °ú´Ù·Î ÀÎÇѺνİú °°Àº ½É°¢ÇÑ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù.
Âü°í·Î ¼ö¿µÀåÀÇ ¿°¼Ò³óµµ´Â 1ppmÁ¤µµ·Î¼ ½Ç³»¿¡¼ ³¿»õ¸¦ È®¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ¸ÃÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³óµµ¿¡¼µµ ¿ÀÈÄ¿¡´Â ¼ö¿µÀå ¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ ¹°¶§, À̳¢ µîÀÌ ¹Ì·®¾¿ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. À̸¦ Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â ¸î¹è Á¤µµÀÇ ¿°¼Ò¸¦ 1ÁÖÀÏ¿¡ 1ȸ ÅõÀÔÇÏ¿© À̸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿°¼Ò°¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ¾ÆÆÄÆ® »ó¼öµµ ¿Á»óÀÇ ÅÊÅ©¿¡¼µµ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö»óÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Ãâó : Stewart et al, Journal of Applied Microbiology 2001,91,525-532
±âº®¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ½½¶óÀÓÀÇ °è¸é¿¡ ħÅõÇÑ ASB´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿¡¼ Çظ®µÈ Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»êÀº ºê·Î¸¶À̵å À̿°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© Â÷¾Æºê·Ò»êÀ» »ý¼º½ÃÄѼ ½½¶óÀÓ ºÎÂø·ÂÀ» ¾àȽÃÄѼ ¹°¼ÓÀ¸·Î ¹Ú¸®µÇ¾î Á¦°ÅµÈ´Ù.
Cl-NHSO3- + H2O¡æ NH2SO3- + HOCl
HOCl + Br-¡æ HOBr + Cl-
HOCl°ú HOBrÀº pH°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é »êÈ·ÂÀÌ ³·ÀºCl-°ú Br- »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é HOBrÀº pH 8.5¿¡¼ 57%°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ³ª ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Â HOClÀº 9%¸¸ Çظ®µÈ´Ù. pH°¡ ³ôÀº °æ¿ì¿¡´Â HOClÅõÀÔ·®ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿©µµ »êÈ·ÂÀº Áõ°¡µÇÁö ¾Ê°í ¿°¼Ò ÀÌ¿Â ³óµµ¸¸ ³ô¾ÆÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ASB´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼ ¿°¼Ò°è »ì±ÕÁ¦¿Í ±â¼úÀûÀ¸·Î Â÷º°ÈµÇ´Â Á¡À¸·Î½á Stabilized BleachÀÇ ³·Àº »ì±Õ·Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô º¸¿ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¨ç Hypobromous acid oxidizes the substrate, itself being reduced to bromide:
HOBr + Live pathogens ¡æ Br-+ Dead pathogens
¨è The bromide ions are oxidized with the hypochlorous acid
Br-+ HOCl ¡æ HOBr + Cl-
º´¿øü¿Í ¹ÝÀÀÇÑ HOBrÀº ´Ù½Ã Br-À¸·Î Àç»ýµÈ ÈÄ HOCl°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© »êÈ·ÂÀ» °®°Ô µÈ´Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼øȯ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î Br-ÀÌ Àç»ç¿ëµÇ¾î »ç¿ë·®ÀÌ ÃÖ¼ÒȵǾú´Ù.
Ãâó: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCDMH
as Cl2
Oxidant |
Halogen content |
% of free chlorine |
Remark |
ASB |
~ 6.6% |
3~10 % |
Less volatile |
BCDMH |
55% |
42~71 % |
Solid |
HOCl |
12% |
100 % |
Volatile |
»ó±â Ç¥¿¡¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ ASB´Â ÅõÀÔ´ëºñ 10%ÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼ Çظ®µÇ°í Èֹ߼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³·À½À¸·Î ¿°¼Ò ¼Ò¸ð·®À» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
»ó±â ±×·¡ÇÁ´Â ASBÅõÀÔÈÄ 40¡É¿¡¼ ½Ã°£°æ°ú¿Í pH¿¡ µû¸¥ free chlorine»ý¼ººñÀ²À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ASB´Â pH°¡ ºñ±³Àû ³ôÀº(pH:8)Áï ³Ã°¢Å¾ÀÇ ³Ã°¢¼ö¿¡¼ ¾à 7%·Î Çظ®µÇ¾î ¿°¼Ò¼Ò¸ð·®Àº ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ±³Àû ³·Àº °æ¿ì(pH: 6)¿¡µµ free halogenÇü¼ºÀº ÃÑÇÒ·Î°Õ ¾çÀÇ 13%À̳»·Î Á¶Á¤µÇ¾î HOCl´ëºñÇÏ¿© ¿°¼ÒÀÇ ´ë±â¹èÃâ ¹× ¼Ò¸ð·®À» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
1955³â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÀÇȸ°¡ »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ ¸¸ ¿¬º¯¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 9°³ country (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, southwestern Solano, and southern Sonoma)ÀÇ ´ë±â¿À¿° Á¦¾îÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Á¦Á¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 2005-2006³â ȸ°è ³âµµ¸¦ ±âÁ¡À¸·Î ³Ã°¢Å¾¿¡¼ ´ë±â ÁßÀ¸·Î ¹èÃâÇÏ´Â ¹Ì¼¼¹°Áú (particular matter: PM),Èֹ߼º À¯±â¹°Áú (volatile organic compounds: VOCs)¿Í µ¶¼º °ø±â ¿À¿°¹° (toxics air contaminant: TAC)ÀÇ ÃÑ·®À» ÁÖÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ º¸°íÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
³Ã°¢¼ö¿¡ ³ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¹«±â¹°( total dissolved solids: TDS)ÀÌ °ø±â Áß¿¡ ºÐ»êµÇ¾î PMÀÌ »ý¼ºµÇ¸ç VOC´Â ¼®À¯ÈÇÐ °øÁ¤¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿±³È¯±âÀÇ leakage¶Ç´Â ³Ã°¢¼ö 󸮿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â VOC¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯Çϴ ÷°¡¹°¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇϸç TAC´Â PM°ú VOC¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â µ¶¼º ¼ººÐÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù
³Ã°¢Å¾À¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â PM°ú VOCÀÇ ¾çÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
E = Q£Ø EF
E = Annual Emissions in pound per year (lb/yr)
Q = Cooling tower circulating water rate in million gallons /day
EF = Annual(365/yr) emission factor given in following Table
& expressed in lb/million gallon per day
Default Emission Factors for Cooling Tower
* This emission factor is consistent with the default emission factor provided in AP-42, Section 5.1, Table 5.1-2. It is 0.7 (lb/million gallons/day) multiplied by 365. The 365 multiplier is used to convert from a daily to a yearly basis.
** This emission factor is consistent with the default emission factor provided in AP-42, Section 13.4, Table 13.4-1. It is 0.019 (1000 gallon/day) multiplied by 365 and 1000. The 365 multiplier is used to convert from a daily to a yearly basis and 1000 multiplier is used to convert from lb/1000 gallons to lb/million gallon
»ó±â °ªÀ» ´Ù½Ã Á¤¸®Çϸé : 1 million gallon/day = 158§©/hr
Áï ¼øȯ¼ö·® 158§©/hrÀÇ ³Ã°¢ žÀº
¼®À¯ÈÇÐÀ̳ª ÈÇÐ plant¿¡¼ 1³â µ¿¾È ´ë±â ÁßÀ¸·Î ¹èÃâµÇ´Â Èֹ߼º À¯±â¹°
VOC = 116 Kg/year
¾÷Á¾¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ 1³â µ¿¾È ´ë±â ÁßÀ¸·Î ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ¹Ì¼¼ÀÔÀÚ
PM = 3,146 Kg/year
»ó±â¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °è»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ƯÈ÷ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â Áß±¹ÀÇ ´ë±â¿À¿°À¸·Î ÃÖ±Ù °ü½ÉÀÌ Áõ´ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â 10¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Ð(§)ÀÌÇÏ Å©±âÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼ÀÔÀÚ PM10µµ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ½Ä°ú ±×·¡ÇÁ¿¡¼ °è»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
PM = water circulation rate £Ø drift rate£Ø TDS
¹®Çå¿¡¼ ¼Ò°³ÇÑ °è»ê¿¹¸¦ º¸¸é
water circulation rate: 146,000 gallons per minute (gpm)
drift rate: 0.0006%, TDS: 7,700 ppm
PM = 146,000 gpm x 8.34 lb water/gal x 0.0006/100 x 7,700 lb solids/106 lb water
x 60min/hr
= 3.38 lb/hr
Çѱ¹ ³Ã°¢¼ö TDSÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ±âÁØ 1,000 ppmÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã °è»êÇϸé
¼øȯ¼ö·® |
33,157 |
§©/hr |
146,000 (gpm) |
Drift ratio |
0.0006 |
% |
¼³°è±âÁØ |
TDS |
7,700 |
ppm |
¹Ì±¹ ¼öÁú±âÁØ |
PM |
13.4 |
Ton/year |
ibid |
PM10 |
2.1 |
Ton year |
ibid |
PM10 |
11.4 |
Ton/year |
TDS: 1,000 |
Çѱ¹ ¼öÁú±âÁØÀ¸·Î ȯ»êÇÏ¿©, ¼øȯ¼ö·® 10,000 ton/hrÀÇ ´ëÇü ³Ã°¢Å¾ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â PM10ÀÇ ¹Ì¼¼ÀÔÀÚ°¡ ³â°£ 3.4 tonÁ¤µµ ¹ß»ýÇϸç ÀÌ¿Í ÇÔ²² Áõ¹ßÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ³Ã°¢¼ö ÷°¡Á¦µµ ¹Ì¼¼ÀÔÀÚ¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÖÀ» °³¿¬¼ºÀº ¸Å¿ì ³ô´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Ãâó : Abstract No. 216 Session No. AM-1b Joel Reisman and Gordon Frisbie
Greystone Environmental Consultants, Inc., 650 University Avenue, Suite 100, Sacramento,California 95825
³Ã°¢Å¾¿¡¼ ´ë´ë±â·Î ¹èÃâµÇ´Â HOClÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ »ç¾ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´Ù¼Ò Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖÀ¸³ª »ó±â ±×·¡ÇÁ¿¡¼ pH¿¡ µû¸¥ HOClÁõ¹ß·® (flashoff)ºñÀ²·Î ´ë·«ÀûÀÎ ¹èÃâ·®À» »êÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿°¼Ò°¡½ºÀÇ ¹èÃâÀº ³Ã°¢¼öÀÇ pH¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÇ¹Ç·Î »ê¾÷¿ë Ç¥ÁØ ³Ã°¢Å¾ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î pH 8°ú 8.5·Î ³Ã°¢¼ö°¡ ¿î¿µµÇ´Â case·Î ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
»ê¾÷¿ë Ç¥ÁØ ³Ã°¢Å¾ »ç¾ç |
¼øȯ¼ö·® (RR) |
§©/hr |
10,000 |
¿ÂµµÂ÷ (¥äT) |
¡É |
5 |
Áõ¹ß·® (EV) |
§©/hr |
86.2 |
³óÃà¹è¼ö (COC) |
|
7 |
ÃÑ ¹è¼ö·® (TBD) |
§©/hr |
14.4 |
À¯Áö¼ö·® (HV) |
§© |
2,000 |
(A) Case 1 (³Ã°¢¼ö pH: 8.0): HOClÁõ¹ß·®:ÅõÀÔ ´ëºñ ¾à 20%.
NaOCl»ç¿ë·®: 1 ppm/RR
´ë±â ¹èÃâ·®= RR X 1 ppm X 24 hr X 365 X 20%(Áõ¹ß¾ç) X12% (NaOCl³óµµ)
(¿°¼Ò ±âÁØ/³â) = 2,102.4 Kg/Year (as Cl2)
(B) Case 2 (³Ã°¢¼ö pH; 8.5) HOClÁõ¹ß·®:ÅõÀÔ´ëºñ ¾à 10%
NaOCl»ç¿ë·®: 1 ppm/RR
´ë±â ¹èÃâ·®= RR X 1 ppm X 24 hr X 365 X 10%(Áõ¹ß¾ç) X12% (NaOCl³óµµ)
(¿°¼Ò ±âÁØ/³â)= 1,051.2 Kg/Year (as Cl2)
¿ï»êÁö¿ª¿¡¼´Â ´ëü·Î ³Ã°¢Å¾Àº pH 8.0Á¤µµ ¿î¿µµÇ¹Ç·Î ¼øȯ¼ö·® ½Ã°£´ç 10,000 tonÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¿°¼Ò±âÁØÀ¸·Î ³â°£ 2 ton¿°¼Ò°¡½º¸¦ ¹èÃâÇÏ°í ¿©Ãµ Áö¿ª°ú °°ÀÌ pH 8.5Á¤µµ·Î ¿î¿µÇÒ °æ¿ì´Â ³â°£ 1 ton¿°¼Ò°¡½º¸¦ ´ë±â Áß¿¡ ¹èÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Ãâó :
William F.McCoy et al, Chlorine emission: Hypohalous and haloamine flashoff in industrioal evaporative cooling systems. Presented at the 1990 Cooling Tower Institute AnnualMeeting. Pater No; TP90-09
³Ã°¢Å¾¿¡¼ ¹èÃâµÈ HOClÀº ¿°¼Ò°¡½º¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô photolysis (ºû¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÐÇØ)µÇ¾î ¿ÀÁ¸»ý¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â ¿°¼Ò ·¡µðÄ®À» »ý¼º½ÃŲ´Ù.
HOClÀº ¿°¼Ò°¡½º¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¿ÀÁ¸ ³óµµ¸¦ »ó½Â½ÃŲ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¸ðÀǽÃÇè¿¡¼µµ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
HOCl¿ë¾×Àº ¿°¼Ò°¡½º (Cl2)º¸´Ù Ãë±Þ¼ºÀº ¿ëÀÌÇϳª °ø±âÁß ´©ÃâµÇ¾î °¡½ºÈµÇ¸é ¹ÝÀÀ¼ÓµµÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â À־ À¯ÇؼºÀº °ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
DAP´Â trihalomethaneÀÇ ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀΠŬ·Î·ÎÆ÷¸§°ú °°Àº Èֹ߼ºÀ̳ª ´ÙÀÌ¿Á½Å°ú °°Àº ¿©·¯ µ¶¼ºÀ» °®´Â ÇÒ·Î°Õ ÈÇÕ¹°·Î ġȯµÈ À¯±â¹°ÀÌ´Ù. DAP´Â ¿°¼Ò°è bleach (NaOCl etc)¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÆÞÇÁ³ª Á¦Áö°øÀåÀÌ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿À¿°¿øÀ̳ª »ó¼öµµ, ³Ã°¢¼öµµ ¿¹¿ÜÀÏ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.
DAPÀÇ µ¶¼ºÀº ³óµµ°¡ ³·Àº °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ÇÏõÀÇ ¾î·ù³ª ¼ö»ý »ý¹°¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¸ç µ¶¼ºÀÇ Ã¼³»½Ã°£ÀÌ ±æ°í ÃàÀûµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÇÏõ±æÀÌ°¡ ±æ°Å³ª ¿©·¯ ³ª¶ó¸¦ Åë°úÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·´¿¡¼´Â Áß¿äÇÑ È¯°æÀÇ Ã´µµ·Î °ü¸®ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Dose(ppm total halogen as chlorine) |
2 |
Unstabilized NaOCl |
118 |
Stabilized NaOCl |
13 |
Unstabilized NaOBr |
52 |
Stabilized NaOBr |
124 |
*DAP formation: ppb,
*Àο빮Çå:¹Ì±¹Æ¯Çã 5,683,654 table II
¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò¿Í ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ SuperbromÀº NaOCl»ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì¿Í ´ëºñÇÏ¿© DAP»ý¼º·®Àº ¾à 1/9Á¤µµÀ̸ç, ¿°¼Ò±âÁØÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë·®Àº ¾à 1/5Á¤µµÀ̹ǷΠÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ DAP»ý¼º·®Àº ¾à 2%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù.
»ê¾÷¿ë Ç¥ÁØ ³Ã°¢Å¾ »ç¾ç |
¼øȯ¼ö·® (RR) |
§©/hr |
10,000 |
¿ÂµµÂ÷ (¥äT) |
¡É |
5 |
Áõ¹ß·® (EV) |
§©/hr |
86.2 |
³óÃà¹è¼ö (COC) |
|
7 |
ÃÑ ¹è¼ö·® (TBD) |
§©/hr |
14.4 |
À¯Áö¼ö·® (HV) |
§© |
2,000 |
»ê¾÷¿ë ³Ã°¢Å¾¿¡¼ 1³â°£ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ¹°ÀÇ ¾çÀ» 1 ppm NaOCl·Î ó¸®ÇÒ °æ¿ì·Î °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿© Àϳ⠵¿¾È¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â NaOCl¾çÀ» ¿°¼Ò±âÁØÀ¸·Î °è»êÇϸé
14.4 (§©/hr)X 1 ppm X 24 X 365 X 12% (NaOCl³óµµ) ¡Ö 15 Kg/year
Àο빮ÇåÀº DAP»ý¼º·®Àº ÅõÀÔ NaOCl¾ç°ú ºñ·ÊÇÏ´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î
15 kg X 118 ppb / 2 ppm ¡Ö 0.9 Kg/year
»ó±âÀÇ °è»ê½ÄÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ DAP»ý¼ºÀÌ È¯°æ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¼´Â ¾ð±ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª ÁÖº¯ÀÇ È¯°æÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù
.
ASBÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â NaOCl´ëºñ ¿°¼Ò »ç¿ë·®Àº 1/5Á¤µµÀÌ¸ç ¾ÈÁ¤È ¿°¼Ò´Â DAP»ý¼º·®Àº 1/10Á¤µµ·Î¼ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¾à 1/50ÀÎ ¼öÁØÀÎ ¾à 20gÁ¤µµ ¿¹»óµÇ¾î ÇÏõÀÇ ¼öÁú¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀº ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¹ÌÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ªÀº »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ¼öÄ¡¸¦ º¸¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦¿¡ ÅõÀԵǴ ¿°¼Ò·®À» °¨¾ÈÇÏ¸é ´õ ¸¹Àº AOX¹èÃâÀÌ ¿¹»óµÇ¾î Á¤È®ÇÑ Çö»óÀ» ÆľÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©¼´Â ½ÇÁ¦ ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù
.
- EPA Reg #: 84024-1 (Oct 18 2007)
California EPA Reg (May 25, 2012)
¡Ø Justeq 07 : ¹Ì±¹ÀÚȸ»ç (JUSTEQ,LLC)ÀÇ »óÇ¥¸í
¡Ø Accucide 100: ASBÀÇ ÀϺ» »óÇ¥¸í
ASB¸¦ »ý»ê ÇÑ Á÷ ÈÄ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ À¯È¿¿°¼Ò¿Í 1³â Á¤µµ °æ°ú ÈÄ À¯È¿¿°¼ÒÀÇ ³óµµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ °á°úÀÌ´Ù.
Batch No |
»ý»êÀÏÀÚ |
»ý»êÁ÷ ÈÄ À¯È¿¿°¼Ò³óµµ |
2012³â 4¿ù 10ÀÏ ÃøÁ¤ À¯È¿¿°¼Ò³óµµ |
F 281 |
2011³â 6¿ù 28ÀÏ |
6.4% |
6.3% |
E 171 |
2011³â 5¿ù 17ÀÏ |
6.4% |
6.4% |
D 191 |
2011³â 4¿ù 19ÀÏ |
6.6% |
6.6% |
C 301 |
2011³â 3¿ù 3ÀÏ |
6.6% |
6.6% |
B 031 |
2011³â 2¿ù 3ÀÏ |
6.8% |
6.6% |
1³â 3°³¿ùÀÌ °æ°úÇÏ¿©µµ À¯È¿¿°¼ÒÀÇ ÇÔ·®Àº º¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ASB¸¦ ÇöÀå¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÎ½ÄÀ²À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ »ç·Ê´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
¡ØMDD: mg per square decimeter per day
»ó±â °á°ú´Â 200³â ÃÊ ¾à 3°³¿ù°£ ¼øȯ¼ö·® 6,695§©/hrÁ¦Ã¶°øÀåÀÇ ³Ã°¢Å¾¿¡¼ ºÎ½Ä ¹× ½ºÄÉÀÏ ¹æÁöÁ¦¿Í ÇÔ²² ½ÇÁ¦ Àû¿ëÇÑ °á°ú·Î ºÎ½ÄÀ²ÀÌ 25 MDD¿¡¼ ¾à 3 MDD·Î °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¼³Ä¡µÈ ½ÃÆíµµ ºÎ½ÄÀÌ ¾øÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
½½¶óÀÓ µÎ²² (§) |
¿¡³ÊÁö Áõ°¡ (%) |
32 |
3.1 |
64 |
6.2 |
128 |
12.4 |
256 |
24.8 |
¹®Çå: Ashrae 2000 handbook, chapter, effect of fouling on chiller performance
Ç¥¿¡¼ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ ½½¶óÀÓ µÎ²²°¡ 10§´ç 1%Á¤µµ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ´õ ¼Ò¿äµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. SuperbromÀ» ´ëÇüÇÒÀÎ ¸¶Æ® ¸ÅÀå¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ºùÃà¿ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ½ÇÁ¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ÁÖ°£ ³Ãµ¿±â °¡µ¿·üÀÌ 20% °¨¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Case history1.
±¹³» Á¤À¯°øÀå¿¡ SuperbromÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ °á°ú·Î¼ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ SlimeÁ¦°Å °úÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°íÀÖ´Ù.
SuperbromÅõÀÔ ÈÄ 1ÀÏ °æ°úÈÄ Å¹µµ Áõ°¡¿Í ¹Ì»ý¹° ¼ö°¡ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç 1ÁÖÀÏ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, pond¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº sludge¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Case history2
±¹³» H¾ËÄÝ plant¿¡¼ 2°³¿ù Àû¿ëÇÑ filler,Àü¸é ±×¹°¸Á°ú º®¸é¿¡¼ slimeÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù
Case history3
¼¿ï±Ù±³ E³îÀ̵¿»ê ºÐ¼ö´ë¿¡¼ SuperbromÀ» 1ÁÖÀÏ Àû¿ëÇÑ °á°ú À̳¢°¡ Á¦°ÅµÈ °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÞÀåµÇÁö ¾Ê°í SuperbromÀÌ ÅõÀԵǾú´Â µ¥µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿°¼Ò ³¿»õ°¡ ÀüÇô ³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¾ÈÁ¤ÈµÈ ¿°¼Ò´Â Â÷¾Æ¿°¼Ò»ê°ú ¼³ÆĹλêÀÌ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© »ý¼ºµÈ Ŭ·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®·Î¼ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â BiostaticƯ¼ºÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Å¬·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®´Â ¹°¼Ó¿¡¼ ¼Ò·®ÀÇ HOClÀ» Çظ®Çϸç, Çظ®µÈ HOCl´Â ºê·Î¸¶À̵å À̿°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© HOBrÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. »ý¼ºµÈ HOCl°ú HOBrÀº ¹Ì»ý¹°À» Á×ÀÌ´Â Biocidal¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
Eco-Bio´Â Biostatic°ú BiocidalÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¸ðµÎ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç BromideÅõÀÔ·®À¸·Î ±â´ÉÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Membrane³»ÀÇ ¹°¼Ó¿¡¼ Ŭ·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®ÀÇ Çظ®·Î »ý¼ºµÇ´Â HOCl¾çÀº ÃÑ¿°¼Ò·® (total chlorine)À¸·Î ¾Ë ¼ö Àִ Ŭ·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®¾ç ´ëºñÇÏ¿© »ó¿Â¿¡¼´Â 5%Á¤µµ (free chlorine)À̸ç, Çظ®µÈ HOClÀº ÀϺδ À¯±â¹°°ú ¹Ì»ý¹°À» »êȽÃÅ°°í, ÀϺδ ºê·Î¸¶À̵å À̿°ú ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© Â÷¾Æºê·Ò»êÀ» »ý¼º½ÃÄÑ À¯±â¹°°ú ¹Ì»ý¹°À» »êȽÃŲ´Ù.
Ŭ·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®´Â »êȼºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³·°í ºê·Î¸¶À̵åÀÌ¿ÂÀÚü·Î¼´Â »êȼºÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ½½¶óÀÓ°ú membrane°è¸é±îÁö ħÅõÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ì ¼Ò·®ÀÇ HOCl°ú HOBrÀ» »ý¼ºÇÏ¿© Polyamide°è membrane¸·ÀÇ ¼Õ»ó¾øÀÌ ½½¶óÀÓÀ» ¹Ú¸®½ÃŲ´Ù.
Eco-Bio´Â »êȼº »ì±ÕÁ¦ÀÓ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í membrane¼Õ»óÀÌ ¾ø´Â Biostatic±â´ÉÀ» °ÈµÈ RO½½¶óÀÓ Á¦°ÅÁ¦À̸ç ÇöÀç ±¹³» ±â¾÷¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Eco-BioÇ¥¸é ³óÃàÈ¿°ú·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÅõÀÔ·®ÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ
Ŭ·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®¿Í ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ¸· Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ rejectionµÇ°í ¹°Àº Åõ°úÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ Ŭ·Î·Î¼³ÆĸÞÀÌÆ®¿Í ºê·Î¸¶À̵å ÀÌ¿ÂÀº ¸·Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ³óµµ°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö´Â ºÐ±Ø (polarization)Çö»óÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¸· Ç¥¸éÀÇ ½½¶óÀÓ Á¦°Å¸¦ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
ECO-BIOÅõÀÔÈÄ Free¿°¼Ò ÇÔ·® º¯È
Membrane¸·¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â free chlorine³óµµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±ÇÀå »ç¿ë ³óµµº¸´Ù ³ôÀº 100 ppmÀ» ÅõÀÔÇÏ¿©µµ membrane¿¡´Â ¿µÇâÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼öÁØ ÀÌÇÏ·Î °ËÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Grade |
10 ppm |
20 ppm |
50 ppm |
100 ppm |
Ÿ»ç Á¦Ç° |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.02 |
Eco-Bio 07 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.03 |
ECO-BIOÅõÀÔ ÈÄ ÃÑ¿°¼Ò ÇÔ·® º¯È
Ÿ»ç Á¦Ç°°ú ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®À» À§ÇÏ¿© ROÀ¯ÀÔ¼ö(Àüó¸®)¿¡ Á¦Ç°À» °¢ 20 ppm¾¿ ÅõÀÔÇÏ¿© ½Ã°£ °æ°ú¿¡ µû¸¥ ÃÑ¿°¼Ò ÇÔ·®À» DPD (N,N-diethylphenylenediamine)¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù
Grade |
ÅõÀÔ ÈÄ °æ°ú½Ã°£ (hr) |
|
1 |
6 |
Ÿ»ç Á¦Ç° |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
Eco-Bio 07 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
ECO-BIOÅõÀÔ·®¿¡ º¯È¿Í 30ºÐ °æ°ú ÈÄ ÃÑ ¿°¼Ò·® ÃøÁ¤
BiocideÅõÀÔ ÈÄ 30ºÐ ÈÄ ³óµµÁõ°¡¿¡ µû¸¥ ÃÑ¿°¼Ò·®À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Grade |
³óµµ (ppm) |
10 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
Ÿ»ç Á¦Ç° |
0.6 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
Eco-Bio 07 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
ECO-BIOÅõÀÔÈÄ ORP (oxidation-reduction Potential; mV)º¯È
ÃÑ¿°¼Ò ÃøÁ¤°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô »ì±ÕÁ¦ ÅõÀÔ ÈÄ 30ºÐ ÈÄ »êÈ·ÂÀÇ Ã´µµ°¡ µÇ´Â ORP¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 25ppmÅõÀÔ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ORP°ªÀÇ »ó½ÂÀº ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¹ÌÇÏ´Ù
Grade |
ORP (mV) |
10 (ppm) |
15 (ppm) |
20 (ppm) |
25 (ppm) |
Ÿ»ç Á¦Ç° |
252 |
249 |
257 |
249 |
Eco-Bio 07 |
238 |
249 |
256 |
255 |
ECO-BIOÅõÀÔÈÄ TBCº¯È
Ÿ»ç Á¦Ç°°ú ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®À» À§ÇÏ¿© ROÀ¯ÀÔ¼ö(Àüó¸®)¿¡ Á¦Ç°À» °¢ 15, 20 ppm¾¿ ÅõÀÔÇÏ¿© Petri-filmÀ¸·Î ¹Ì»ý¹°(TBC)À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.Á¦Ç° ¸ðµÎ Biostatic¼ºÁúÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÅõÀÔ³óµµ |
15 ppm |
20 ppm |
°æ°ú½Ã°£ (hrs) |
Ÿ»çÁ¦Ç° |
Eco-Bio |
Ÿ»çÁ¦Ç° |
Eco-Bio |
0.5 |
>103 |
>103 |
>102 |
<102 |
1 |
>103 |
<103 |
>103 |
<103 |
6 |
<103 |
~103 |
>103 |
<103 |
1. Economical halogen biocide composed of stabilized chlorine and unreacted bromide
By Sang Hea Shim. Ph.D., Justeq LLC
Association of Water Technology
August 26-29, 2009, Hollywood, Florida
2. Cost-effective new liquid halogen biocide with better performance and reduced corrosivity
SANG-HEA SHIM, Justeq LLC, Northbrook, Illinois
International Water Conference
Orlando, Florida
October 4-8, 2009
3. Advanced Chlorine Technology for Cooling Towers
by Justin Shim, Justeq LLC
PROCESSCOOLING March 2014 16-20
|